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CS50 - Introduction to Computer Science
This introductory course builds a rigorous foundation in computer science through hands-on problem solving and real-worl...
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Sections
1. Computational Thinking and Foundations16 views
Build core mental models for problem solving, data representation, and the computing ecosystem.
15 topics (15 versions)
1.1History of Computing
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1.2Bits, Bytes, and Binary
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1.3Number Systems and Conversions
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1.4Logic and Boolean Algebra
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1.5Abstraction and Decomposition
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1.6Algorithms and Pseudocode
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1.7Runtime Intuition
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1.8Compilation vs Interpretation
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1.9Command-Line Basics
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1.10Editors and Tooling
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1.11Reading Documentation
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1.12Debugging Mindset
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1.13Testing Early and Often
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1.14Ethics in Computing
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1.15Academic Honesty and Collaboration
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2. C Language Basics0 views
Learn the C toolchain and core syntax to express algorithms precisely and efficiently.
15 topics (15 versions)
2.1Compilers, Linkers, and Make
2.2Program Structure and main
2.3Primitive Types and sizeof
2.4Variables and Scope
2.5Operators and Expressions
2.6Conditionals and switch
2.7Loops: for, while, do-while
2.8Functions and Prototypes
2.9Headers and the Preprocessor
2.10Standard I/O with stdio.h
2.11Formatting with printf
2.12User Input and scanf
2.13Code Style and Naming
2.14Using gdb
2.15Makefiles and Build Targets
3. Arrays, Strings, and Algorithmic Basics13 views
Manipulate collections of data and reason about elementary searching and sorting.
15 topics (15 versions)
3.1Arrays and Indexing
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3.2Strings and Null Terminators
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3.3ASCII and Unicode Basics
3.4Command-Line Arguments
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3.5String Libraries and strlen
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3.6Tokenizing and strtok
3.7Linear Search
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3.8Selection Sort
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3.9Bubble Sort
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3.10Stable vs Unstable Sorts
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3.11Tracing and Dry Runs
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3.12Off-by-One Errors
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3.13Sentinels and Guards
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3.14Input Validation
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3.15Algorithmic Correctness
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4. Algorithm Efficiency and Recursion15 views
Analyze time and space complexity and implement efficient recursive solutions.
15 topics (15 versions)
4.1Asymptotic Notation: Big-O
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4.2Best, Average, Worst Case
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4.3Logarithms in Algorithms
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4.4Binary Search
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4.5Insertion Sort
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4.6Merge Sort
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4.7Quick Sort Overview
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4.8Recursion Fundamentals
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4.9Call Stack and Frames
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4.10Tail Recursion
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4.11Divide and Conquer
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4.12Space Complexity
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4.13Time–Space Trade-offs
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4.14Proofs of Correctness
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4.15Empirical Benchmarking
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5. Memory, Pointers, and File I/O0 views
Master low-level memory control, pointer mechanics, and persistent storage.
15 topics (15 versions)
5.1Memory Layout: Stack vs Heap
5.2Pointers and Addresses
5.3Pointer Arithmetic
5.4Dynamic Allocation: malloc
5.5calloc, realloc, and free
5.6Dangling Pointers
5.7Memory Leaks and Valgrind
5.8Structs and typedef
5.9Passing by Value vs Reference
5.10Files: fopen and fclose
5.11Text vs Binary Files
5.12fread, fwrite, fscanf, fprintf
5.13Buffers and Flushing
5.14Endianness
5.15Command-Line File Utilities
6. Core Data Structures in C15 views
Implement and compare foundational data structures for performance and use cases.
15 topics (15 versions)
6.1Linked Lists: Nodes and Pointers
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6.2List Insertion and Deletion
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6.3Doubly Linked Lists
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6.4Stacks and LIFO
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6.5Queues and FIFO
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6.6Hash Tables Overview
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6.7Hash Functions and Collisions
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6.8Chaining vs Open Addressing
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6.9Load Factor and Resizing
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6.10Tries and Prefix Matching
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6.11Trees and Binary Search Trees
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6.12Tree Traversals
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6.13Sets and Maps via Hashing
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6.14Graphs and Adjacency Lists
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6.15Choosing a Data Structure
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7. Python Fundamentals10 views
Transition to Python to prototype faster with readable, expressive code.
15 topics (15 versions)
7.1Installing Python and venv
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7.2REPL and Script Execution
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7.3Syntax and Indentation
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7.4Numbers, Strings, and Booleans
7.5Lists and Tuples
7.6Dictionaries and Sets
7.7Conditionals and Loops
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7.8Functions and Lambdas
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7.9List and Dict Comprehensions
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7.10File I/O in Python
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7.11Exceptions and try/except
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7.12Modules and Imports
7.13Virtual Environments
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7.14Packaging Basics
7.15PEP 8 Style Guide
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8. Object-Oriented and Advanced Python0 views
Structure larger programs with classes, iterators, decorators, and typing.
15 topics (15 versions)
8.1Classes and Objects
8.2Methods and Attributes
8.3Constructors and __init__
8.4Inheritance and Composition
8.5Polymorphism and Duck Typing
8.6Special Methods and __str__
8.7Iterators and Generators
8.8Decorators and functools
8.9Context Managers
8.10Typing and Type Hints
8.11Dataclasses
8.12Standard Library Tour
8.13Unit Testing with unittest
8.14Logging and Debugging
8.15Packaging and Distribution
9. Relational Databases and SQL0 views
Model data and write efficient SQL to query, transform, and maintain integrity.
15 topics (15 versions)
9.1Relational Model
9.2Tables, Schemas, and Types
9.3Keys, Constraints, and Indexes
9.4Normalization and Anomalies
9.5ER Modeling
9.6SELECT and WHERE
9.7ORDER BY and LIMIT
9.8Joins: INNER, LEFT, RIGHT
9.9Aggregation and GROUP BY
9.10HAVING and DISTINCT
9.11Subqueries and CTEs
9.12Transactions and ACID
9.13Query Optimization Basics
9.14SQL Injection Risks
9.15SQLite and Tooling
10. Web Foundations: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript0 views
Build accessible, responsive pages and add interactivity with client-side JavaScript.
15 topics (15 versions)
10.1HTML Structure and Semantics
10.2Forms and Validation
10.3CSS Selectors and Specificity
10.4Box Model and Positioning
10.5Flexbox and Grid
10.6Responsive Design
10.7Accessibility Fundamentals
10.8JavaScript Syntax and Types
10.9DOM Manipulation
10.10Events and Listeners
10.11Fetch API and AJAX
10.12JSON and Serialization
10.13Client-Side Storage
10.14Debugging with DevTools
10.15Performance Basics
11. Servers and Flask Web Applications0 views
Create dynamic server-side apps with Flask, templates, and databases.
15 topics (15 versions)
11.1HTTP and REST Basics
11.2Project Setup and venv
11.3Routing and Views
11.4Jinja2 Templates
11.5Static Files and Assets
11.6Forms and WTForms
11.7Sessions and Cookies
11.8Authentication and Authorization
11.9Database Integration
11.10ORM with SQLAlchemy
11.11Building RESTful APIs
11.12Error Handling
11.13Configuration and Environments
11.14Testing Flask Apps
11.15Deployment to Cloud
12. Cybersecurity and Privacy Essentials0 views
Write safer code by understanding common threats and defensive techniques.
15 topics (15 versions)
12.1Threat Modeling
12.2OWASP Top 10 Overview
12.3Passwords, Hashing, and Salting
12.4Cryptography Basics
12.5Symmetric vs Asymmetric Keys
12.6TLS and HTTPS
12.7Input Validation and Sanitization
12.8XSS and CSRF
12.9SQL Injection Defenses
12.10Secure Session Management
12.11Principle of Least Privilege
12.12Secrets Management
12.13Logging and Audit Trails
12.14Incident Response Basics
12.15Security Testing Tools
13. Software Engineering Practices12 views
Adopt processes and patterns for building maintainable, scalable software.
15 topics (15 versions)
13.1Requirements and User Stories
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13.2Prototyping and Feedback
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13.3Architecture and Layering
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13.4Modular Design and Interfaces
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13.5API Design Principles
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13.6Code Readability and Style
13.7Refactoring Techniques
13.8Unit, Integration, System Tests
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13.9Test-Driven Development
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13.10Continuous Integration
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13.11Performance Profiling
13.12Observability Basics
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13.13Documentation Practices
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13.14Code Reviews
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13.15Estimating and Planning
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14. Version Control and Collaboration0 views
Use Git and collaborative workflows to manage change and work in teams.
15 topics (15 versions)
14.1Git Init and Clone
14.2Staging and Commits
14.3Branches and Merging
14.4Merge Conflicts and Resolutions
14.5Rebasing Safely
14.6Pull Requests and Reviews
14.7Git Workflows: GitFlow and Trunk
14.8Tags and Releases
14.9Remotes and GitHub
14.10CI Pipelines and Hooks
14.11Semantic Versioning
14.12Release Automation
14.13Contribution Guidelines
14.14Licensing and Compliance
14.15Project Governance
15. Capstone: Designing, Building, and Presenting2 views
Plan, implement, test, deploy, and present a polished final project.
15 topics (15 versions)
15.1Ideation and Problem Selection
15.2Defining Success Criteria
15.3Scoping and MVP
15.4Choosing a Tech Stack
15.5Data Modeling and APIs
15.6UI/UX Wireframes
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15.7Project Plan and Milestones
15.8Backend Implementation
15.9Frontend Implementation
15.10Database Integration
15.11Authentication and Security
15.12Testing and QA
15.13Deployment and Hosting
15.14Demo and Presentation
15.15Reflection and Next Steps